OPTIMAL LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A THREE-AREA RENEWABLE POWER SYSTEM
Abstract
This paper proposes an effective load frequency control (LFC) strategy for a three-area interconnected power system including non-reheat thermal, reheat thermal, and hydro generation units. To better represent practical operating conditions, the model incorporates key nonlinearities and constraints such as governor dead band (GDB), generation rate constraint (GRC), and the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power. A PID/DD controller is designed and optimally tuned using the Lyrebird Optimization Algorithm (LOA) to improve the system’s dynamic frequency response. The proposed LOA-PID/DD controller is evaluated under load disturbances and compared with conventional PID/DD, PSO-PID/DD, and GWO-PID/DD controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed method provides better dynamic performance, including smaller frequency deviations, reduced tie-line power oscillations, lower overshoot, and shorter settling time. These results confirm the effectiveness of LOA in tuning PID/DD parameters for complex multi-area power systems with nonlinear constraints and renewable integration.
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